Early spay and neuter

In conclusion, this study shows that the risk of cranial cruciate ligament disease in dogs is linked to how long they are exposed to natural sex hormones, and the relationship isn't simple or linear. The highest risk was seen when females were spayed before about 1054 days just under 3 years) and males before about 805 days (a little over 2 years).

These results may help define what counts as "early" spay or neuter when it comes to cranial cruciate ligament disease risk.

Veterinary reproduction specialists now recommend hormone-preserving sterilization: preventing unwanted litters & less risk of torn cruciates.